An In-Depth Manual on How to Write a Research Paper

How to Choose a Topic The first and arguably the most important step in writing a research paper is choosing a topic you will not regret later on – depending on the size and type of your paper, you may spend from days to months working on it. Compared with essay writing, students are usually given a decent amount of freedom in this respect, due to the different tasks involved in each particular case: essays are meant to check your ability to write on a certain subject, while in a research paper you show whether you are capable of carrying out independent research. That is why, prior to settling on a particular topic, you should ask yourself these questions: Is the topic researchable? Even if you have a lot of your own thoughts on the subject, you cannot do without prior research by other authors. Is it relevant to my class? Ask your teacher or professor before you start writing. Can I say anything new about it? Research paper isn’t limited to compiling and retelling the work of other authors – you have to offer your own insight, no matter how little it is. Do I care about it? Even the most fascinating topics may get tiring after you’ve been working with them for a while; that’s why it is better to choose something you are genuinely and passionately interested in. It doesn’t guarantee you won’t get sick of it after a while, but at least gives you a fair chance. How obvious it is? If half your classmates choose the same topic, it is going to be awkward. Are these recommendations too general for your taste? Try following this infographic: Source: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/332210909989124631/ One final bit of advice – whatever you choose, it shouldn’t be set in stone. If you select a research question, start gathering materials and making notes and suddenly realize you’ve made a mistake (the topic is boring, there aren’t any decent sources, the topic has already been covered in a recent paper, etc.) it is better to change the topic rather than go on working on it. You may feel obliged to continue as you’ve already invested in it, but trust us – you will be better off starting over. Doing Research After you’ve selected the topic, it is time to do research. If you have done everything correctly, you already have a fair number of sources in view; you can find additional ones as you go along, but you should have a minimum of 5-10 sources at your disposal at the get-go. How many sources you need in total may differ depending on the scope of your paper, but usually it is no less than five – you should clarify this point with your professor if it is not already mentioned in the writing guidelines you have received. What can serve as a legitimate source of information? Almost anything: Books. Journal and newspaper articles. Encyclopedias and reference books. Web pages. Blog posts. Social media. Yes, even social media: Source: http://content.easybib.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/SocialMediaInfographic.jpg However, not all sources are created equal, and while you can quote blog posts and tweets to illustrate a point, they can hardly be considered as irrefutable evidence in and of themselves. Whenever possible, look for peer reviewed research, i.e., articles and books written by specialists in their particular fields recognized as such by the scientific community. There are three main hubs where you may expect to find the bulk of your sources: 1. Internet By far the easiest and trickiest source of information. On the one hand, you can find anything on the Internet. On the other hand, the trustworthiness of information found here may often be quite questionable. The legitimacy of some claims may be checked, in other cases you will have to follow your common sense and some common principles: Source: http://s3.amazonaws.com/libapps/accounts/33743/images/Evaluating-Credibility_desk_infographic_web_v01-2.jpg In most cases, you can trust the information received from .gov (government), .edu (educational) and .org (non-profit organizations) domains, although bias is still quite possible. Everything read on .com (commercial) websites should be perceived with a grain of salt, which goes double for blogs and social media – all of them differ wildly in quality, reliability and objectivity. 2. Libraries Modern libraries have gone far ahead from just book repositories. Today they serve as powerful information hubs where you can find information in textual, graphic and video forms, access the Internet, take part in clubs and so on. You are, however, mostly interested in the choice of books and other publications that save you the expense and trouble of finding and acquiring them all. Don’t hesitate to consult librarians – they know much more about doing research than you do and can greatly assist you with finding sources and organizing them. 3. Academic Databases In addition to the Internet, there are specialized databases (e.g., InfoTrac, LexisNexis, EBSCO) allowing you to search through and read hundreds of thousands of peer-reviewed publications; and in this case you may be completely sure that every piece of writing can be vouched for. Unfortunately, many of them require paid subscription. Most universities, however, have their own membership which they provide to their students for free, so make sure to use this opportunity. Some additional tips: Avoid Wikipedia. Wikipedia is indispensable when you have to figure something out quickly. It may provide a sound starting point for further research. But it is not exactly reliable as a source per se, as virtually anybody can edit its contents. If a publication is exceptionally helpful, make sure to look through its bibliography – you may stumble upon a couple of other books that may be useful in your work. Carefully document each and every source you are going to use: jot down its author, year of publication or whatever information is relevant for this particular source type. Preparing a Thesis Statement Thesis statement is a short (1-2 sentences) statement at the beginning of the paper that declares its main point or argument. Think carefully what it is going to be, for you will spend most of the paper proving this point and protecting it against possible criticism. If boiled down to absolute essentials, writing a thesis statement is done more or less like this: Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wCzuAMVmIZ8 You should remember, however, that thesis statement is a statement, not a proof. You shouldn’t enumerate all the points you are going to cover – it is exactly what your paper is. Thesis statement is just an introduction to give the reader a general idea of what you are going to talk about. In most general terms, thesis statement is a question, while the rest of the paper is an answer to it. Writing the Body of the Paper Most professional academic writers agree that it is easier to start writing with the body and add introduction later. Firstly, writing an introduction when you don’t have the rest of the paper to support yourself is just plain hard. Secondly, if you write the introduction first, you may find later that your research drifted in an unexpected direction and you have to rewrite it from scratch. So don’t cut blocks with a razor and start with the body, with the meat of your paper. So how is this ‘meat’ prepared? Provide ample evidence. Every remark you make should be backed by facts from your research or reliable sources of information, the more the better. However: Maintain balance between evidence and commentary. You do research of your own, not just present a compilation of works done by other people. Even if you have to quote something, better paraphrase it (mentioning the source, of course) and present your own analysis. Make sure your paragraphs properly connect to each other. Although you should be concerned primarily with research, you should not forget about literary part of your writing as well – paragraphs should naturally and logically flow into each other, there should be no abrupt stops and starts. Avoid using contractions. Although it is more of a stylistic recommendation, most authorities agree that contractions are a clear sign of colloquial language and therefore have no place in serious academic writing. Use third person whenever possible. Your research paper should appear as objective and unbiased as possible, and use of phrases like â€Å"I think†, â€Å"I suppose† etc. greatly undermines this impression. Be concise. You may be tempted to use complicated sentence structures and superfluous words to make your paper look more impressive and scientific, as well as to reach the required wordcount quicker. Real scientists, however, avoid writing in such a manner for various reasons: firstly, space in high-quality publications is too valuable to waste. Secondly, they realize it looks silly. Writing Conclusion and Introduction Now that the main bulk of work is done, it is time to draw a conclusion. The main purpose of conclusion is to give the reader closure and bring together all the arguments you have made so far. The safest approach is to paraphrase your thesis statement and recount all the points you have covered throughout your paper, showing their importance for the overall argument. Finally, reveal the implications of your work in a larger context, trying to make it memorable for the reader. Introduction is, for all intents and purposes, a mirror image of conclusion. It covers basically the same points; they are simply introduced in reverse order. In most cases you should simply start by discussing an overarching topic, then concentrate the reader’s attention on the topic you’ve chosen for your paper, and complete it with your thesis statement. Of course, it won’t do to simply rewrite one and the same text twice, so at least try to paraphrase your thoughts. And yes, most experts agree that you should write exactly in this order: body, then conclusion, then introduction. This makes for the least amount of corrections and rewriting. Formatting, Citation, Bibliography A very annoying and extremely important part of any research work is documenting the sources you’ve used. Every source you have used throughout your work should be carefully documented and placed in your Bibliography or Works Cited page; this is where all your notes about the books you used come into play. Ideally, you should build up the Bibliography page as you go along, adding each new book and author when you first use it – it will save you a lot of frustration later on, because finding all the sources you’ve used in an already written paper can be very tiresome. Frankly speaking, there is not much to advise here. Learn the accepted citation format from your professor, get ahold of the respective style guide and do everything the way it suggests. Final Piece of Advice Research paper writing is a continuous process; the division into parts we have mentioned above mostly deals with the formal division of your final paper, not with the way you are supposed to work on it. You can find excellent recommendations on the overall approach to writing in this lecture by Simon Peyton Jones from Microsoft Research: Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g3dkRsTqdDA One thing here, however, cannot be reiterated enough. When you read most research writing guides, you may come to the conclusion that the process of writing is clearly divided into parts: you formulate the basic idea, then do the research and finally, armed with all the sources and information you’ve acquired, you do the actual writing. You can do it in this way and follow the example of most students everywhere in the world. However, this approach encourages procrastination and decreases the quality of the final product. The right approach is to formulate the idea and immediately start writing while doing the research. In other words, you do the research by writing. You try out new ideas and look how they can be put on paper, if at all. If you find out that your research doesn’t make for a very impressive paper, you may change tracks as you go along; and your own writing can give you inspiration you can use in further research. Your paper is a holistic entity – thus you should approach it in its entirety, not do it part by part.

Analysis Of Kurtz s The Russian Harlequin - 1349 Words

Very briefly summarize (7-10) the plot of the chapter Marlow learns the the Russian â€Å"harlequin† is devoted to Kurtz, although Kurtz does not reciprocate these same feeling, and he also learns that Kurtz spends the majority of his time with native Africans, raiding various villages for ivory. The man himself shows up, but is a contrast to the previous description of him; he is ghostly, bony and dying; his voice however, is penetrating and booming, and commands the actions of the natives around him. Moments later, a group of natives gather outside the cabin in which Kurtz has been place into rest, among them is an Kurt’s lover, and African goddess who embodies the beauty and the savagery of the land around her. After her appearance, Kurtz and the manager are involved in an argument, in which Marlow sides with Kurtz, finishing his career. Later on, Marlow learns that the previous attack on the steamer was Kurtz’s doing, as the Russian asks him for supplies to escape Kurtz’s station. Afterwards, awoken by d rumming, Malow goes after Kurtz in a savage impulse and finds Kurtz in some bushes, crawling towards an African warlock, and proceeds to bring him back to the station. The next day, Marlow takes Kurtz and leaves the post on the streamer, against the wishes of the African people; it is on this journey that Kurtz dies after professing some disturbing comments. Marlow later finds himself in England, unable to live together with the rest of the population after his experiences.

Marxian Economics Free Essays

string(565) " profits are based on exploitation of wage workers through the extraction of surplus labor; revolutionary changes in the forces of production \(technology and the division of labor\) and therefore dramatic, continuing increases in productivity; capital accumulation fed by a growing mass of surplus value controlled by capitalists; increasing subordination and dependence of workers on capital; continual deterioration of workers’ working and living conditions; and increasing competition for available jobs from a growing reserve army of unemployed workers\." Our work aims to research a modern development of Marxian economics, primarily at the theoretical level and make clear how do Marxs’ â€Å"laws of motion† of capitalism relate to Schumpeter’s views of imperialism. † Marx was a German journalist, exiled in London, who combined significantly different intellectual traditions in order to explain economic systems, including German philosophy, French political theory, and English political economy. Joseph Schumpeter was an Austrian scholar who was very critical of, yet much taken with, his predecessor, We will write a custom essay sample on Marxian Economics or any similar topic only for you Order Now com/compare-and-contrast-karl-marxs-and-walt-rostows-theories/"Karl Marx, whose focus on historical analysis he admired and emulated. They both believed that capitalism is a stage of economic development in which the potential of humankind cannot fully develop. Both came to the study of economics questioning the fundamental assumptions of existing economic theory, and thus each took more of economic theory to be problematic than did most economic theorists. Both conceptualized the capitalist system as a whole, yet with the realization that the economic realm hardly constitutes the totality of human experience and thought. The real issue, which may indeed appear to have its scandalous aspect, arises when great economists direct their attention to what I shall call the cosmological problem of economics—namely, the social configurations of production and distribution (if you will, the macro and micro patterns) that ultimately emerge from the self-directed activities of individuals. What is remarkable about Marx and Schumpeter is that they are among the very few who have proposed solutions to this problem of an imagination and scope comparable to that of Smith, but that their resolutions differ from one another almost totally. In Marx’s schema the system is destined to pass through successive crises that both alter its socioeconomic texture and gradually set the stage for a final collapse. Marx described his view of capitalism in â€Å"The Communist Manifesto† (1848), a social vision that, as Schumpeter points out, underlies Marx’s life-long research program. In the introduction to his â€Å"Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy† (1850), Marx gave the clearest and most succinct description of his method of historical analysis, referred to by others as historical materialism. According to Marx, historical development is a progression of epochs, each distinguished by a particular mode of production, a â€Å"way of life,† based on the level of technology and division of labor (the forces of production) and a corresponding set of class (social) relations of production. For any epoch, any mode of production, according to Marx, the development of the forces and relations of production forms the foundation of social life. With the production of surplus over subsistence, classes emerge and develop, divided conceptually by Marx into producing and non-producing (exploiting) classes. Social change is propelled by class conflict, that is, the struggle related to the contradictions between the developing technical forces of production and the existing class relations which act to impede this development. Socioeconomic development involves the transformation of class relations, which in turn enables the new dominant ruling class to exert control over resources and productive labor. Marx claims that the transition from one mode of production to the next is fundamentally revolutionary because the new mode of production is a qualitatively different social formation organized around new laws of development. Furthermore, the transition is one of violent, wrenching changes in social status, power, and legal rights. â€Å"The history of all society that has existed hitherto,† Marx firmly asserted, â€Å"is the history of class struggles† (1904 : 45). For instance, Marx describes the transition from the feudal to the capitalist mode of production as a long period of conflict and bloodshed in which old class relations give way to new ones, a period in which primitive accumulation creates capitalists and expropriation creates a mass of wage-workers. Class-divided society proscribes the satisfaction of â€Å"truly human† needs because production is based on exploitation of the producing classes by the non-producing classes. Emancipation of humankind requires an end to this exploitation which, according to Marx, becomes possible with the development of the capitalist mode of production, which polarizes society into a small capitalist ruling class and a working class of exploited wage-workers who make up the vast majority of the population. Marx defines capitalism as a system of commodity production—production for exchange and profit—based on a system of wage-labor. Capitalists own the means of production and hire workers who must sell their labor power because they have no control over the means of subsistence or means of production. Capitalist development is dominated by capitalist control over production to accumulate capital. Capitalists are interested in production for profit rather than for use. This motivation means that the system as a whole operates to expand exchange value, market value, the money capitalists receive for the commodity production they control. According to Marx, this motivation to accumulate capital, that is, exchange value, creates contradictions in a system of unregulated market exchange because commodities are a unity of opposites. They are both useful objects to be consumed in the process of reproducing the material needs of the society and exchange values representing part of the socially produced value created through the social division of labor. This â€Å"value,† that is, embodied labor, â€Å"objectified abstract homogenous labor,† regulates the exchange value or price of each commodity. Commodity prices reflect the magnitude of value, of â€Å"socially necessary† labor used to produce the commodity. Each commodity is a â€Å"social product† in that its production is dependent on a complex social division of labor that determines its labor cost, the amount of socially necessary labor time that goes into producing it. Marx sees contradictions in capitalism because, for the system as a whole to create a steady accumulation of capital over time, it must also create just the right combinations of different use values, specific useful products, to generate the growth in capital year to year. Marx recognizes capitalism as the most productive mode of production in history, because capitalists control the surplus product over and above the needs of simple reproduction of the existing level of output, and they use the surplus mainly to expand production and to increase productivity. Marx characterizes capitalism thus: the ascendance of industrial capitalists whose profits are based on exploitation of wage workers through the extraction of surplus labor; revolutionary changes in the forces of production (technology and the division of labor) and therefore dramatic, continuing increases in productivity; capital accumulation fed by a growing mass of surplus value controlled by capitalists; increasing subordination and dependence of workers on capital; continual deterioration of workers’ working and living conditions; and increasing competition for available jobs from a growing reserve army of unemployed workers. You read "Marxian Economics" in category "Papers" Other characteristics of a capitalist system for Marx include a tendency toward a declining average rate of profit; expansion of nonproductive but necessary commercial and financial capital; new forms of monopoly; extension of the capitalist mode of production to create a world market and worldwide capitalist system; uneven development of capitalism geographically so that at any time the existence of newly developing capitalist sectors provide fresh opportunities for capitalist exploitation; periodic trade cycles; and less frequent convulsive general crises of the system. In selling their labor power, wage-workers give up any right to the output they produce so that in capitalist production, objectification, the production of material objects, becomes alienation. Furthermore, in alienating their labor, the workers produce commodities that become capital, that is, the capitalists’ source of power over the workers. Thus in capitalism, alienation brings about reification. Also, workers give up control over the labor process and therefore over their own productive activity, so much so that labor becomes a burden, and workers work to live instead of live to work. The accumulation of capital, representing the realization of man’s essential powers, becomes for the wage-workers a loss of their reality, which for Marx connotates sociality. Marx shows that alienated labor means alienated man, devaluation of life, loss of human reality. Only the working class can bring about this fundamental change because only workers gain this insight through their historical-social situation. According to Peter Drucker (1983: 125), Schumpeter considered himself the â€Å"son† of Marx. Schumpeter devoted himself to promoting scientific progress in economics, through theoretical, historical, and statistical contributions, on the one hand, and teaching and critical analysis of economic doctrine on the other. In his History of Economic Analysis (1954) Schumpeter‘s epistemology may be summarized as follows: 1. He had great faith in science, which he defined as â€Å"technique† and â€Å"tooled knowledge. † 2. Schumpeter was a great advocate of mathematical and econometric methods in economics. 3. In his History of Economic Analysis, Schumpeter had already outlined the major points of the Popper/Kuhn/Lakatos debate: the tension between conservatism and change that is inherent in scientific revolutions; the usefulness of both tendencies. 4. Schumpeter was a positivist, but he accepted both verification and falsification as tests of a theory. 5. Schumpeter was anti-instrumentalist. He did not see the purpose of science as simple prediction but believed that the truth of assumptions does matter. 6. Schumpeter appears to have held contradictory views of the impact of ideology on economic analysis. He considered the intrusion of politics and ideology in economics as the major cause of â€Å"misconduct† in science. These apparently contradictory views represent, in my opinion, a defense of economics against Marx’s evaluation of it as â€Å"bourgeois ideology. † Schumpeter agrees with Marx and credits him with the discovery that ideas tend to be historically conditioned, reflecting the class interest of the writer. Schumpeter claims, however, that ideological bias is not solely caused by the economic element in class position, and that social position is not shaped entirely by class interest (1954:10). Thus, despite the fact that ideology affects the focus and the content of economic writings, analysis is not bourgeois ideology. Thus, Schumpeter believed that even Marx and Marxists contribute to progress in economic analysis. It was important to Schumpeter to acknowledge his debt to Marx, and apparently crucial to him that he refute the revolutionary basis and purpose of Marx’s work. Schumpeter adopts what he takes to be Marx’s research program and, like him, attempts to uncover the laws of motion of capitalist development. His purpose is clearly to defuse Marx’s theory of revolution by converting it to a theory of evolution. Schumpeter accepts the structure and some of the content of Marx’s economic sociology (the theory of origins and transitions) and economics (the theory of markets and mechanisms). Schumpeter’s social vision as depicted in the Theory of Economic Development rejects—in fact inverts—important relationships of Marx’s social and economic vision. In â€Å"The Communist Manifesto in Sociology and Economics† (1949b), Schumpeter paid homage to Marx’s contribution to economic sociology, which he considered to be the prescientific theorizing necessary to the research program they both pursued. In this article, he also suggests the theoretical basis for his revision of Marx. Schumpeter analyzes the scientific content of the Manifesto, which contains Marx’s social vision, and he then identifies three of Marx’s important contributions (however â€Å"warped by ideological bias†) to economic sociology. Schumpeter points out that Marx identified the necessary theoretical ingredients of the economic sociology in which to embed an economic theory of capitalist development: (1) a theory of history (which for Marx, according to Schumpeter, was an economic interpretation of history); (2) a theory of class (in which, for Marx, social classes and class relations become the pivot of the historical process); and (3) a theory of the state (which Schumpeter says shows Marx’s understanding of the state even though Schumpeter believes that Marx recognized these tendencies only in the bourgeois state) (p. 09). Schumpeter criticizes Marx for his attachment to his social vision, his inability to revise his social vision in the light of contradictory scientific evidence. Clearly, it was Schumpeter’s intent to counteract Marx and serve science by converting Marx’s program into positivist science. This required building economic analysis on a social vision that is scientifically acceptable. In accepting a Marxian research program (analysis of the historical development, the internal dynamics, of capitalism), Schumpeter also had to use the structure of Marx’s economic sociology. He needed a theory of history, of social class, and of the state to describe the development of the economically relevant institutions. But Schumpeter rejected much of the content of Marx’s theory, including what he considered to be Marx’s economic determininism, that is, the analysis of change in social structures in terms of economic change alone; Marx’s theory of class relations, that class conflict is the motive force behind economic and social change; and Marx’s critique of the state, which was directed only at the bourgeois state. Also Schumpeter rejected Marx’s class conflict and revolutionary theory. He could hardly envision the working class becoming a revolutionary class, that is, becoming the subjects of history, the major actors and motive force for change. Instead, he substituted his own theory of class and class relations based on his ideas about leadership and followership in which entrepreneurs carry out the â€Å"new combinations† that promote capitalist development. Schumpeter accepted Marx’s materialist, dialectical view of history, the view that people create their own history through choice, concerted action, and struggle. He also recognized that history must be dialectical if it is evolutionary. Human subjects react to and change history. Change occurs through opposition and adaptation and learning. He objected to Marx’s purely economic definition of class based on individuals’ relations to the means of production, a definition he believed to be at the basis of Marx’s economic determinism. Schumpeter paraphrased Marx’s theory thus: â€Å"the social process of production determines the class relations of the participants and is the ‘real foundation’ of the legal, political, or simply factual class positions attached to each. Thus the logic of any given structure of production is ipso facto the logic of the social superstructure† (1949b: 206). Schumpeter also rejects Marx’s view that class relations are exclusively antagonistic, and that antagonisms among groups are exclusively based on distinctions of economic classes. He believes that there are multiple classes in capitalist society, just as there were in earlier epochs. There is a strong family resemblance here to Schumpeter’s vision of capitalism as an evolutionary process of creative destruction. The innovative function certainly plays a vital role in Marx’s laws of motion. This bring Marx into the picture in a way that attempts to minimize the distance between him and Schumpeter and which is consistent with Schumpeter’s well-known admiration for Marx. They are both concerned with the dynamics of development, and although they come from the opposite ends of the political spectrum, their similarities are profound and stand as an affront to the modern theory of static equilibrium in the Walrasian tradition. In the vision of capitalism as a dynamic process, Marx and Schumpeter share common ground, not just in their appreciation of capitalism, but also in their attempt to construct a truly dynamic economics. Marx and Schumpeter set the economic process into historical time. This is more than just adding a â€Å"t† subscript on all the variables of a model, and it is clearly different from producing a growth model, although a growth model may be a useful aspect of a dynamic analysis. It means that the analysis does not violate the fundamental reality of time that the future follows the present and is unknowable, while the present has a past that is knowable and has caused the present to be what it is. In such a world disequilibrium and/or equilibrium-destroying events would be the central concern of the theorist. Thus, for both Marx and Schumpeter, capitalism has a past and is tending toward a future that is imminent in the configuration of forces at work in the present (Schumpeter, 1962: 43). To illustrate, it was capitalism’s similarity with feudal and slave relations of production that led Marx to search for an explanation of how exploitation occurs under capitalism. Moreover, it was the vision of historical transformation that supplied the basis of his critique of classical political economy based on the latter’s tendency to assume that capitalist production relations were fixed and external. It is important to note that Schumpeter misses, misunderstands, or rejects Marx’s value theory and the basis for Marx’s theory of revolution Private property and capital represent a class relation in which wage workers, by selling their labor power, create the capitalist’s private property. Furthermore, not only do they create a product that becomes a power over them, but also, by submitting to a work process organized by the capitalist for his own profit, they alienate their life activity, their work. They work to live rather than live to work. They become more and more dependent on the cash nexus of market transactions for their survival and for their satisfactions. They become alienated from their species life, the essence of the life of the human species which is human social development through creative work. Marx’s basic argument, which is also an argument about logic, is that for truly human life to be possible, it is necessary (but not necessarily inevitable) for the wage-workers, for the exploited, to revolt. Schumpeter’s class theory and theory of value together eliminate the possibility of revolt. It may be true that there is a high correlation between belief in the efficacy of the free market as an allocator of resources and protector of individual freedom and the method of static equilibrium theory to explain the operation of the market. However, as Schumpeter himself stressed many times, the deductions of economic analysis do not logically imply any particular ideological position. Static equilibrium theory no more proves the desirability of the free market than the labor theory proves the desirability of socialism. The fact that Marx and Schumpeter ascribed to radically different ideologies but each believed in the central importance of the evolutionary approach is itself sufficient proof that holding to a conservative, liberal, or radical ideology does not force one into the static equilibrium mold. In his works Marx wrote about substratum of abstract labor which was an â€Å"essence† of concrete labors. Schumpeter in his â€Å"Imperialism and Social Classes† thought about social process regulated by a hierarchy of talents, organized in social classes (Schumpeter, 1955: 137, 160). In this process bourgeois class must provide the leadership role. How to cite Marxian Economics, Papers

Surviving the Holocaust free essay sample

A discussion of how the main characters in the books Briar Rose and The Accident cope with surviving the Holocaust. This paper examines the books Briar Rose by Jane Yolen and The Accident by Elie Wiesel. A summary of each story is presented. The different ways in which each of the survivors cope with their memories and their new lives are discussed. The Briar Rose and The Accident are both stories told by Holocaust survivors that take the reader back to the days of concentration camps, reveal the horrors of their experiences, and show how they are forced to deal with them decades later in completely different worlds. Both stories take place in modern day, where people are the survivors cannot fathom such horrific acts. Both survivors deal with their pain by shutting down but both have different ways of finding peace. Jane Yolens Briar Rose tells the story of the main character, Becca, and her search to discover her dead grandmothers past. We will write a custom essay sample on Surviving the Holocaust or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The story mixes present day with memories of the Holocaust, and is written like Sleeping Beauty, the fairy tale. When her grandmother, Gemma, dies, Becca finds several clues to her past: a box with keepsakes, old pictures, a ticket stub, a mans passport, an engraved ring, and newspaper clippings. Becca also has memories of the story of Briar Rose or Sleeping Beauty, which was told to her many times by Gemma.

My Values Essays - Brian Welch, Converts To Christianity

My Values People have very different reasons on why going to college and getting an education is important for them. Some people go to college because that is what is expected of them, and others go because they have nothing else better to do. However, I am interested in going to college and obtaining a good education because it will benefit my family, my country, and me. My parents have this perfect life for me pictured in their heads, and the first thing they see me doing is going to college. They expect the best of me, and so by going to college, I will not only have fulfilled their goals for me, but I will have accomplished one of the goals I have set for myself. In our culture, when parents come to the age where they can't support themselves, it is the duty of the children to look after them. We don't just throw our elders into retirement homes and visit them twice every year. We are expected to meet their wants and needs, and that will not be possible without a good education, which will then lead to a good job. As you know, a college education is good for each individual, but not only that, it is good for the country. As a college education becomes more obtainable through the use of financial aid, our country benefits the most. We are the future businessmen and women of America, and through our knowledge, the country will grow. The education we get today will help us prosper in the future, and the more we expand our horizons, the more the economy will increase. If students are denied an education because they don't have the means to pay for college, then they are deprived of accomplishing their goals and reaching their fullest potential. In the words of Michael Jackson, ?The dream we were conceived in will reveal a joyful face, and the world we once believed in will shine again in grace.? With the students of today being educated, the people of tomorrow will prosper. Now that I've explained how my going to college is good for everyone else, I must explain why it is best for me. My dreams and aspirations are to be so successful that I am not dependent on anyone else. Ever since I was a little girl, I have wanted to be someone with power. To obtain power, I have to first obtain the knowledge, and to do that, I need to go to college. I have seen people become too dependent on others, and if anything upsets that relationship, the dependent one just crumbles. I don't want that happening to me, so I plan to study hard, make good grades, and be a top executive in a big firm. For me to accomplish that, I will need financial assistance, because my family isn't affluent enough to send three kids to college at the same time. Going to college has been a dream of mine since I can remember, and so I will try whatever it takes to make it there. Getting the financial assistance I need will make things easier for my family and I, so I am applying to many scholarships with the hopes that one of them will come through for me. I don't give up hope, and with the help of God, I will make it to college, and I will graduate and go on to bigger and better things. Acceptance Essays

Free Essays on Guitars

Guitars Guitars Jimmy Hendrix, Eddie VanHalen, B. B. King, Angus Young, Brian "Head" Welch, Fletcher Dragge. What do all of these people have in common? They are all guitar heroes in they're own styles of music. However, because of the different styles of music they play, each guitarist mentioned above uses a different style of guitar. The guitars different body styles and shape help mold the perfect sound for the style you play. From sweet and warm, to loud and thrashing, the guitar is one of the most versatile instruments and can be used for any style of music. Most styles of music (and the legends who made that style famous) have a specific guitar that embodies each genres sound. Jimmy Hendrix, a virtuoso of the 60' era, played a Fender Stratocaster. Eddie VanHalen, know for his innovative "tapping" style solos, Plays a custom peavey guitar called a Wolfgang. B. B. King, a blues guitar legend, plays a signature model Gibson Hollow body. Angus young, lead guitarist for AC/DC, plays a solid body Gibson SG. Head, one of two guitar players for the band Korn, plays an Ibanez 7-string model. Fletcher Dragge, a pioneer in the field of punk, plays a standard series RG Ibanez. To those who don't play guitar these names may be unfamiliar, but to those who play, these guitars cover most of the different sounds you can get out of a guitar. One way a guitar sounds different than other models is the way it is built. Depending on what kind of wood is used the sound can completely change. Some examples of woods used for guitars are ash, pine, sandalwood, rosewood, and maple. The more dense the wood is, the longer the sustain it has (sustain is a term for how long the sound will carry from one attack). Also, the lighter the wood, the brighter tone it has. The wood used for the fret board is also important. Usually it is made of maple or rosewood. Each of these woods has a different feel to it (it is more of a preference for one or the other as op... Free Essays on Guitars Free Essays on Guitars Guitars Guitars Jimmy Hendrix, Eddie VanHalen, B. B. King, Angus Young, Brian "Head" Welch, Fletcher Dragge. What do all of these people have in common? They are all guitar heroes in they're own styles of music. However, because of the different styles of music they play, each guitarist mentioned above uses a different style of guitar. The guitars different body styles and shape help mold the perfect sound for the style you play. From sweet and warm, to loud and thrashing, the guitar is one of the most versatile instruments and can be used for any style of music. Most styles of music (and the legends who made that style famous) have a specific guitar that embodies each genres sound. Jimmy Hendrix, a virtuoso of the 60' era, played a Fender Stratocaster. Eddie VanHalen, know for his innovative "tapping" style solos, Plays a custom peavey guitar called a Wolfgang. B. B. King, a blues guitar legend, plays a signature model Gibson Hollow body. Angus young, lead guitarist for AC/DC, plays a solid body Gibson SG. Head, one of two guitar players for the band Korn, plays an Ibanez 7-string model. Fletcher Dragge, a pioneer in the field of punk, plays a standard series RG Ibanez. To those who don't play guitar these names may be unfamiliar, but to those who play, these guitars cover most of the different sounds you can get out of a guitar. One way a guitar sounds different than other models is the way it is built. Depending on what kind of wood is used the sound can completely change. Some examples of woods used for guitars are ash, pine, sandalwood, rosewood, and maple. The more dense the wood is, the longer the sustain it has (sustain is a term for how long the sound will carry from one attack). Also, the lighter the wood, the brighter tone it has. The wood used for the fret board is also important. Usually it is made of maple or rosewood. Each of these woods has a different feel to it (it is more of a preference for one or the other as op... Free Essays on Guitars Guitars Guitars Jimmy Hendrix, Eddie VanHalen, B. B. King, Angus Young, Brian "Head" Welch, Fletcher Dragge. What do all of these people have in common? They are all guitar heroes in they're own styles of music. However, because of the different styles of music they play, each guitarist mentioned above uses a different style of guitar. The guitars different body styles and shape help mold the perfect sound for the style you play. From sweet and warm, to loud and thrashing, the guitar is one of the most versatile instruments and can be used for any style of music. Most styles of music (and the legends who made that style famous) have a specific guitar that embodies each genres sound. Jimmy Hendrix, a virtuoso of the 60' era, played a Fender Stratocaster. Eddie VanHalen, know for his innovative "tapping" style solos, Plays a custom peavey guitar called a Wolfgang. B. B. King, a blues guitar legend, plays a signature model Gibson Hollow body. Angus young, lead guitarist for AC/DC, plays a solid body Gibson SG. Head, one of two guitar players for the band Korn, plays an Ibanez 7-string model. Fletcher Dragge, a pioneer in the field of punk, plays a standard series RG Ibanez. To those who don't play guitar these names may be unfamiliar, but to those who play, these guitars cover most of the different sounds you can get out of a guitar. One way a guitar sounds different than other models is the way it is built. Depending on what kind of wood is used the sound can completely change. Some examples of woods used for guitars are ash, pine, sandalwood, rosewood, and maple. The more dense the wood is, the longer the sustain it has (sustain is a term for how long the sound will carry from one attack). Also, the lighter the wood, the brighter tone it has. The wood used for the fret board is also important. Usually it is made of maple or rosewood. Each of these woods has a different feel to it (it is more of a preference for one or the other as op...

Competitive Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Competitive Analysis - Essay Example Its cost only includes market research, advertising and promotion hence enabling the company to minimize on the cost of production. On the other hand, bottlers are provided by syrup by the concentrators’ where they then they mix it with sugar, treat with local water and carbonate it. Finally, they bottle it and then deliver it to the retailer. All these activities make the bottling business capital intensive as it requires high technology in production. Returns received by concentrate producers greatly differ from those received by the bottlers due to various reasons. The main factors as indicated in the above paragraph are the financial cost incurred by both companies (Fleisher & Bensoussan, 2007). Bottlers for instance incurs low cost of production as it only concentrates mainly on advertising, market research and product development whereas bottlers activities involve investment of huge amount of capital as its main concern is to archive its main goal of improvement and mod ernization of the bottling lines which as a results requires high amount of capital (Fleisher & Bensoussan, 2007). Secondly, the other cause of variance in returns is the availability of raw materials. The concrete producers require fewer raw materials hence its major spending is on purchase of cheap inputs like citric acid, natural flavors and also caffeine; on the other hand bottlers require large number of production materials. They invest in purchase of inputs such as packaging materials like cans, bottles and also sweeteners such as aspartame which prove to be expensive hence reducing their profitability as they are unable to reduce on the outflow of money (Fleisher & Bensoussan, 2007). The returns received by bottlers are also less than those received by the concentrate producers due to the risk levels each of the company face. Concentrate producers are responsible for the brand promotion and also invest hugely on trademark to stimulate sales; on the other hand, bottlers have little risk in their operations as they already have an advantage i.e. have a famous name which is well known all over the world .This development provide them with stable returns and low risk (Bensoussan & Fleisher, 2008).

The Death of Ivan Ilyich, Tolstoy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Death of Ivan Ilyich, Tolstoy - Essay Example He has family, friends and a good position that he devoted a major part of his life in cultivating. As a result he has political, personal and social freedom. Ilyich’s free and easy life is pleasant with decorum and lightheartedness, and his nature is agreeable. Through this narrative, Tolstoy studies both life and death, Ivan’s realization about his life not truly lived, and his eventual making of peace with the inevitability of death. Thus, only in his last moments does Ivan Ilyich lose his fear of death, and joyfully perceives the light which replaces it (Tolstoy 56). Great scholars such as Vladimir and Mahatma Gandhi acclaimed the novella as the greatest in Russian literature. The work is interesting to read, rich in insights about human nature, and educative in its content. Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to examine Leo Tolstoy’s story The Death of Ivan Ilyich, and discuss why the main protagonist’s life was not truly lived. Why Ivan Il yich’s Life was not Well Lived Tolstoy through his story insists that Ivan Ilyich is not different from others in the world, and that his extremely simple and ordinary life is â€Å"most terrible† (Tolstoy 9). ... The author depicts his protagonist as a selfish, short-sighted and mediocre person, since the latter’s ideal goal in life was to avoid unpleasantness. Ilyich’s main pleasures in life included playing bridge with his friends, besides liking antiques and living properly and pleasantly. However, it is evident that none of these normal, ordinary qualities can condemn Ilyich as wicked. This is the exact message that Tolstoy wishes to convey to the reader. While Ivan’s existence was akin to living death, his death is a rebirth into a new spiritual life. Therefore, his fatal flaw was that he had lived in a spiritual void (Hobby 34). According to Tolstoy, the fact of living and life ironically includes the certainty of death. Living with pain and illness everyday, Ivan Ilyich suffers for several months while refusing to accept the inevitability of his death (Tolstoy 7). The core of his life had consisted of emptiness, self deception and false values. Most human beings, i n the process of living, we commonly deny the truth of our human condition, pretend to forget about death; and this lie forms a part of the other lies that vitiate our beings. This means that Ilyich had been â€Å"living a literal, physical life but had been spiritually dead† (Hobby 34). Olney’s (p.110) analysis of the story differentiates between â€Å"life as experience† and â€Å"life as meaning†, and states that Tolstoy’s vivid representation through the fictional narrative helps the reader comprehend the truth that was present in the author’s own soul. For Tolstoy the actual meaning of life was different from indulgence in parties, tastefully decorating one’s home, and other

Chapter 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Chapter 4 - Essay Example Second class contains functional fibers which include isolated or extracted non-digestible carbohydrates. Fibers are important as they decrease the chances of intestinal disorders. Various functional fibers such as gums and pectin cause development of gums in the stomach which slow down the transmission of food. Fibers are also known to control blood cholesterol levels, because soluble fibers bind to cholesterol from food objects and reduce its absorption. Fiber intake can be helpful in reducing intestinal disorders and hence the daily recommended dosage which is 25-38 grams should be made common. Knowledge regarding dietary fibers should be incorporated into careers. I, being related to the medical field put my knowledge of fibers into practice. Dietary fiber if taken in the right dosage can be a factor for prevention of intestinal and other disorders. One of the most common symptoms a patient present with is constipation. The best solution to relieve constipation is the usage of fiber in diets. Patients can be counseled that there are no cons to the usage of fibers. Patients should also be told that the daily recommended dosage of fibers in the diet. Patients visiting the doctor should also be educated on which food items contain how much percentage of fibers. The significance of dietary fiber and its need in the diet is known by many people but there are still many confusions amongst them. The misunderstood thing is that fibers are present in plants that we eat but it needs to be known these parts of plants are not digested in our body and are rather left undigested. Dietary fibers have their pros and cons. These can be misleading and a thorough understanding is necessary. Various fibers such as gums and pectin are harmful as they provoke formation of gum like material in the intestine which hinders the transport of food materials resulting in low glycemic action of food items. Different fibers have different functions in the human body

Multipath Fading Channels And Transmitted Signals Computer Science Essay

Multipath Fading Channels And Transmitted Signals Computer Science Essay Multipath fading is a phenomenon of fading of transmitted signals due to refraction, reflection and diffraction from objects or obstacles present in the line or way of transmission. In this article, we have be realized an example of multipath fading channels such as in case of Rayleigh fading channels using MATLAB and would be analysing the variations incurred after varying system parameters such as samples per second and Doppler shift of the respective blocks of the Rayleigh fading system. Also, here screen shots of the respective variations have been provided for clear understanding of induced variations. 1. Introduction As mentioned earlier as well, multipath fading is the occurrence of fading of transmitted signals by refraction, reflection and diffraction due to obstacles present in the line or path of transmission and channels affected due to this type of fading are called multipath fading channels. Rayleigh fading is nothing but the statistical model that communication engineers use to study the characteristics propagation of radio signals, in case of wireless propagation channels. In general, Rayleigh fading model is used for studying ionospheric and tropospheric signals propagation and such that the signals are transmitted in a widespread manner i.e. they are transmitted in form of concentric rings throughout the atmosphere. Thus, these are not used to study the fading that occurs in line of sight propagation (for that Rician is preferred over it). The Rayleigh fading channel can be used to study fading characteristics such as in cases of densely populated cities with a large number of skyscrapers (such as Central London and NYC). The central limit theorem limits this concept such that the amount of scatter can be considered as a function of irrespective of individual function of Gaussian distribution. The impulse response can be modelled a random function varying from 0 to 2pie [1]. The probability distribution function R(of Rayleigh fading) can be given as; Where, ÃŽÂ © =  E(R2). [1] As mentioned in abstract that we would be varying the Doppler shift in case of Rayleigh fading and will be explaining the observed variations in the generated output, its better to have an understanding of what Doppler shift actually means as well for better understanding of concepts. Doppler effect (or Doppler shift) can be described as the increase or decrease in Doppler frequency in case of a moving object (for e.g. the Doppler frequency increases when the object is moving towards the stationary or moving object and vice versa for moving away from the desired moving or stationary object). The mathematical expression for Doppler frequency can be given as; f = left( frac{v + v_r}{v + v_{s}} right) f_0 , Where Vr is the velocity of receiver relative to the medium and Vs is the velocity of source relative to the medium and V is the velocity of waves in the medium [2]. Also, Doppler power spectral density which is also an important parameter of Rayleigh fading is the measure of spectral broadening caused in the waveform characteristics of the transmitted signal (such that the received signals appears to be faded and broadened as compared to the actual signal sent). The mathematical expression for Doppler power spectral density can be shown as [3]; S(nu) = frac{1}{pi f_d sqrt{1 left(frac{nu}{f_d}right)^2}} Realization of Rayleigh fading using MATLAB A sample program of Rayleigh fading can be accessed in MATLAB 2010a by typing the command doc_qpsk_rayleigh_derotated in the command window. The MATLAB operator gives us a block diagram of the Rayleigh fading. It consists of a Bernoulli binary sequence generator, two QPSKs, one error rate calculator, one Rayleigh fading block (where adjustments regarding Doppler shift can be made), one phase removal of path gain block and in the end an AWGN block for simulation of faded signal (4). The screenshot of block diagram for Rayleigh fading had been shown below; Figure 1. MATLAB screenshot of the block diagram for simulating the Rayleigh fading 2.1 Simulation with basic values of Doppler shift and sample rate The simulation results into three possible outputs. These are transmitter output, Rayleigh channel output with no phase component and Rayleigh noisy channel output with no phase component. These outputs for sample simulation with bit sample rate/sec of 100logbase2 (M) and maximum Doppler shift of 1000 hertz is shown below. The screenshots of respective output of QPSK modulator output, Rayleigh channel output and noisy Rayleigh channel output has been shown below; Figure 2.screenshot of MATLAB simulated QPSK modulator output for Rayleigh fading Figure 3.screenshot of Rayleigh channel output for Rayleigh fading (simulated using MATLAB) Figure 4.screenshot of the noisy Rayleigh channel output for Rayleigh fading (simulated using MATLAB) 2.2. Simulation with changed values of Doppler shift and sample rate In the second simulation i have changed the values in Doppler shift and sample rate per second. The Doppler shift can be changed by changing masking parameters in the Rayleigh fading channel. Here, in this simulation I have kept the Doppler shift to 10000Hz while in previous case it was 1000Hz. Also, in Bernoulli bit sequence generator the value of samples per second had been changed to 1000logbase2 (M). The observed variations have been shown below. Figure 5. QPSK modulator output of the Rayleigh fading (simulated using MATLAB) Figure 6. Rayleigh channel output for the Rayleigh fading (simulated using MATLAB). Figure 7. Noisy Rayleigh channel output for Rayleigh fading (simulation using MATLAB) 2.3. Explanation of the observed variations It can be seen that in first case the outputs (amplitude) of QPSK modulator lies in the range of -1 to 0 and 0 to +1 while it varies from -2 to 0 and 0 to +2 which obviously should be observable as the samples per second gets increased from 1000 to 10000 samples per second. However, as the Doppler shift is increased the fading becomes more visible in case of the Rayleigh fading and noisy Rayleigh fading channels. The explanation can be given using Jakes model which relates the Doppler shift and Rayleigh fading. Jakes model relates the Rayleigh fading for kth wave to Doppler shift in following manner; R(t,k) = 2sqrt{2}left[sum_{n=1}^{M}left(cos{beta_n} + jsin{beta_n}right)cos{left(2 pi f_n t + theta_{n,k}right)} + frac{1}{sqrt{2}}left(cos{alpha} + jsin{alpha}right)cos{2 pi f_d t}right] Also, fn=fd(cosa) [5] Hence, it can be said that the amount of Rayleigh fading is directly proportional to the cosine of Doppler shift experienced by the transmitted wave. Also, worth mentioning over here is that is cosine decreases from 0 to increasing values of angle. It can be also seen that from expression mentioned above for power spectral density for Doppler shift that if the Doppler shift is increased the corresponding power spectral density is also increased. Thus, the results shown in the screenshots are explained and justified and it can be said that with the increase of Doppler shift the transmitted waves the Rayleigh fading is increased and so is the power spectral density related to it. Conclusion Rayleigh fading is an important phenomenon used to explain multipath fading in case of the dense populated areas. Rayleigh fading affects a transmitted signal by making broadened and faded in nature and it also does effects its power spectral density in a big way. Also, with increase in Doppler shift the Rayleigh is increased as well. In this setup, channel distortion parameters such as gain and phase are defined as a complex number consisting of real and imaginary parts. Thus, Rayleigh fading can be said to be composed of two paths (real and imaginary) and can be considered as independent paths which can be added in order to get net magnitude of Rayleigh fading occurred in the transmission [6]. To counter the effects of Rayleigh fading a number of techniques were used in the past but the most common one used these days is using a White Gaussian simulator for maintaining bearable effects of Rayleigh fading. This had been shown in the block diagram shown above. References Proakis John. G (1995).  Digital Communications  (3rd Ed.). Singapore: McGraw-Hill Book Co. pp.  767-768.  ISBN  0-07-113814-5 Rosen, Joe; Gothard, Quinn Lisa (2009). Encyclopedia of Physical Science. Infobase Publishing. p. 155. ISBN 0-816-07011-3., available on page 155 Clarke.H.R. (July-August 1968). A Statistical Theory of Mobile Radio Reception. Bell Systems Technical Journal, page number 957-1000 Arsal. A, Ozen. S(2008), A Rayleigh fading  ¬Ã‚ lter design for multipath Rayleigh fading simulation and comparisons to other simulators Jakes. C. Williams, Editor (February 1, 1975). Microwave Mobile Communications. New York: John Wiley Sons Inc. ISBN 0-471-43720-4. Proakis John. G (1995).  Digital Communications  (3rd Ed.). Singapore: McGraw-Hill Book Co. pp.  767-768.  ISBN  0-07-113814-5 Spread Spectrum Models Abstract Spread spectrum is a statistical modulation technique that is been used for increasing the available channel bandwidth. In this article we have focussed on the one the spread spectrum models i.e. two users real spreading with BPSK modulation using MATLAB. Also, a brief study of variations and the explanation of such observations are made in this article. Here, Ill be varying the SNR value of the AWGN block in the given block diagram for the spread spectrum model and would be observing and explaining the variations occurred. 1. Introduction Spread spectrum modulation is a type of modulation in which we intentionally increase the available bandwidth in frequency domain i.e. we stretch the available bandwidth. This leads to a broadened or widened signal for with increased bandwidth. This is generally done to increase bandwidth for signals that require more bandwidth for transmission (it has an effect similar to aliasing but the difference we take anti-aliasing measures against the later). The system models that use such spread spectrum techniques are called spread spectrum models. Two user model for real spreading with BPSK modulation basically utilizes two different orthogonal codes for spreading of the codes. The process of spreading is independent in nature i.e. a different pn sequence for each of the two users. This model uses the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing access technology (OFDM) for communication between the two users simultaneously. In this scheme, there are a large number of orthogonal sub carriers separated by a very small distance. The data is then divided into small but same sized chunks and then are loaded (modulated) on these orthogonal sub carriers through multiple paths [1]. The subcarriers then can use any of the conventional technologies for modulating these data packets (such as QAM or PSK) for transmission over the channel. Also, the symbol rates for individual data packets are maintained such that those comparable to its conventional counterparts. However, OFDM is more popular with wireless systems. 2.1. Realization of spread spectrum model using MATLAB Two user orthogonal real fading with BPSK can be realized in MATALAB by typing commspreading_orthobpsk2u in the MATLAB command video. The result shown on the MATLAB simulation window is a block diagram of two user real spreading with BPSK. The screenshot of this has been shown below; Figure 1- Two-user orthogonal real spreading with BPSK modulation (simulated in MATLAB) As shown in the block diagram here the system setup can be broadly classified into three sections. These are transmitter section, the channel and then receiver section. Receiver section is further extended into one more section known as error calculation section. Let us have a brief look into each of the sections mentioned above. 2.1.1 Transmitter section The transmitter section is responsible for transmitting signals to receiver section via channel section of the system setup. Transmitter section is basically made up 5 major components, these are Random integer (signal generator), real BPSK modulator, Hadamard code generator, normalized gain and spreader blocks. Random integer block is used for the generation of signals that could be used for sending over the channel. These signals are then BPSK modulated where it is also mixed with the actual user signals and sent to spreader section. The sequence generated is of 64 bits length. Then on the lower side of the transmitter contains Hadamard code generator which generates unique Hadamard codes for the signals encryption and security to protect it from hacking and noise addition over the channel. The gain of the Hadamard code is then normalized and mixed with the BPSK modulated signal in the spreader section. The spreader is responsible for the deliberate spreading of signals in the frequency domain to increase the bandwidth of transmitted signal. 2.1.2. Channel section Channel section here refers to actual channel or medium through which transmission is done. But here its not wireless as it is an experimental setup. This section here contains AWGN correction blocks. These are responsible for deciding SNR values for the transmitted signals as to gain knowledge about the actual signal transmission through wireless medium. Here, a person can set values of SNR such that to determine the low and high noise environment and the results of these variations of the error rate at receiver section. 2.1.3. Receiver section The receiver section is responsible for the reception, decryption, de-spreading and calculation of error rate in the received signals after travelling through the physical medium. The process carried out here is just opposite as of transmitter section of the setup. The received signal is first sent to de-spreader for removing the spreading done in transmitter section. The integrator and dump section is used to detect or separate out RZ and NRZ parts of bit sequence [3]. Then the sequence is sent to demodulating BPSK section and then to error rate determination section for error rate estimation. 2.2. Effects of Variations in SNR on the Error rate The effects of variations of SNR on the error rate have been summarized below. The table below shows the variations in values of SNR and the corresponding changes in error rate i.e. eRx/Rx (number of erroneous bits transferred /total bits received [2]) with de-spreading. Also, worth mentioning here is that the time period for which the simulation is carried by the system is set to 0.125 seconds in this sample spread spectrum modulation. The table is as under; Figure 2. Table above depicts the effect of variation of SNR on the error rate of the system setup explained above (all values are realized in MATLAB and written down in the table) The table above shows that with increasing values of signal to noise ratio the value of bit error rate is reduced. But it is different in first two readings for receiver1 and receiver2 while it ends out to be zero for SNR value 100 dB for all of the values simulated in a time defined range of 0.125 seconds. This pretty understandable that the dispreading used is here is of ideal nature thus the value of erroneous bits goes down as value of SNR increases. The difference in the error rates between the first two readings of receiver1 and receiver2 is pretty understandable as the two different signals have different error rates when they are transmitted through two different Hadamard codes (i.e. initial seed for first receiver was set to 37 and for second it was set 631). 3. Conclusion Two user orthogonal real fading with BPSK modulation is used as an experimental to study the characteristics of spread spectrum. The OFDMA as we know splits the large data into small equally sized fragments and transmits it through multiple paths thus is also affected by multipath fading. This particularly affects wireless channels even makes is even more difficult to maintain SNR and low error rates. To counter the effects AWGN simulator is used such that the effects of multipath fading are neutralized. The observations made with this system setup prove that value of SNR affects the error rate percentage in the transmission. As the value of SNR is increased the value of error rate goes down and vice versa for a lower value of SNR. References 1. Robertson. P; Kaiser .S; The effects of Doppler spreads in OFDM(A) mobile radio systems, Vehicular Technology Conference, 1999. VTC 1999 Fall. IEEE VTS 2. Shah .Gaurav ; Molina. Andres ; Blaze. Matt (2006); Keyboards and Covert Channels 3. Sadr, R.; Hurd, W. J.; The Telecommunications and Data Acquisition Report, page 158-173 (ISBN N88-12679 04-32) 4. Aurthur. Ross (1997); CA Patent 2228131; data available on http://www.mathworks.com/products/commblockset/demos.html?file=/products/demos/shipping/commblks/commspreading_m.html#1 5. MATLAB code available at http://www.mathworks.com/products/commblockset/demos.html?file=/products/demos/shipping/commblks/commspreading_m.html#1 IEEE 802.11 WLAN Abstract IEEE 802.11 is the standard adopted by IEEE for design of wireless network systems. Here, in this article a sample simulation of 802.11 standard is done using MATLAB and Simulink. Also, a brief description of operation and functional characteristics of blocks (i.e. components) used for attaining and maintaining wireless networks have been made. Also, certain parameters of WLAN system setup are varied to make a brief study of changes that incur in the system due to these variations. 1. Introduction Secure, dependable and fast wireless systems have become a need of current growing world that touches everyone ranging from individuals to large organizations. Wireless networks are needed for small private area networks such as Bluetooth and Ad Hoc and large networks for wider network coverage such as 3G and 4G networks are currently being employed for providing internet and communication services to people with mobility. The WLAN 802.11 standard is used for wireless communication networks in 2.4, 3.6 and 5 GHz frequency bands [1]. There is a complete family of 802.11 which uses a number of over the air modulation techniques for transmission and reception of signals. There a number of versions launched by IEEE under the name of 802.11, this includes 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g and 802.11n. The most frequently employed among these are 802.11b and 802.11g. The data to be transmitted is first broken in small and equally sized packets and then modulated and transmitted on multiple channels (through different paths) to the destination. Thus, it uses OFDMA access for setting up communication. 802.11 standard has a complete frame stack for secure and dependable communication. These include certain frames for controlling and maintaining the wireless connection among wirelessly connected hosts. These are Protocol version, Type, Sub type, ToDS and FromDS, More fragment, Retry, Power management, More data and WEP [2]. All these play important part in setting, maintaining, controlling and releasing the wireless connection among a number of wirelessly connected hosts on 802.11 system. Below is shown a sample example of how 802.11 WLAN standard system looks like. Figure 1. The Linksys WRT54G contains an 802.11b/g radio with two antennas [3]. 2.1. Realization of IEEE 802.11 WLAN standard in MATLAB A sample MATLAB program for IEEE 802.11 WLAN can be realized in MATLAB by typing the same in help command box of the MATLAB. The output shows an experimental setup containing block diagram of the IEEE 802.11 WLAN system. This has been shown below. Figure 2- The screenshot above shows the block diagram of the sample IEEE 802.11 WLAN standard simulated in MATLAB The block diagram broadly contains variable-rate data source, BPSK modulator and demodulator, OFDM symbol generation block and disassemble OFDM frame block, multipath channel and a packet error calculation block. Also, the signal visualization block for opening the signal characteristics of such setup. These signals characteristics are shown below. Figure 3-The signals transmission and receiver characteristics of the 802.11 system setup using sample settings (simulated in MATLAB) 2.2. Operations and working of the Block diagram The signal characteristics can be visualized in the above screenshot. The transmitted data consists of a binary stream of data send with OFDMA modulation. In this model shown above the variable rate data source is used to generate a binary string of variable data rates which could be considered as similar to the real life scenario as data rates vary with time and need of the users. This binary string is then BPSK modulated using BPSK modulator which is the case with OFDMA as it uses any other general modulation technique for the modulation of signals and then OFDMA codes are added to it. The signals are now undergo a number of alterations before reaching the multipath channels. These include adding a cyclic code to the signals and going through IFFT which is inverse fast Fourier transform to the signal. The signals are then sent through multiple paths which is the case with the OFDMA. This completes transmitter section. After all these processes the signal enters the receiver section of the WLAN. The signals go through cyclic code removal block and then FFT or fast Fourier transform block to anti the effects of IFFT. Then signals are equalised in frequency domain as these get disturbed in frequency domain as shown in the figure 2 signal equalization. The disassemble OFDM block takes off the OFDM codes from the signals and then the signals is demodulated using a BPSK demodulator after which the signal output is sent to the error collection block where the original and received signals are compared to get error rate in the transmission. Also, one more output wire goes to adaptive modulation control block where the degree of modulation is controlled according to the bit error rate achieved by the system. Also, the value of SNR is varied according to the values entered in the stack. This also changes the adaptive modulation control. 2.3. Effects of variations in certain parameters of IEEE 802.11 WLAN setup The effects of inducing variations in certain parameters such as SNR or hysteresis are visible in the transmission characteristics of the block diagram shown below. These values are achieved after changing the value of hysteresis value for adaptive modulation to 10dB from 3dB and lower SNR threshold values to [10 11 14 18 22 24 26 32] decibels from earlier value of [10 11 14 18 24 26] decibels. It can be seen from the two figures 3 and 4 that the unequalized signal spreads out more. Also, the per i.e. packet error rate is increased from 6% to 12%. This due to increased hysteresis for adaptive modulation control. Conclusion The IEEE 802.11 standard for wireless LAN is used as a standard for setting up the wireless network for communication of multiple numbers of hosts. Also, in this sample simulation we concluded that with varying values of SNR and hysteresis the BER and PER also changes. Thus, it can be also concluded that data rates and packet loss rates are also variable at variable places in the parts of networks. This due to different distances, landscapes and congestion is different for different areas as the signal transmission follows multiple paths for transmission and every single path has a different type of obstacles available. Also, the system is greatly affected by noise present in free space. The reception quality always decreases with increase in distance between the service provider and host.

Kurt Vonnegut Jr. :: Essays Papers

Kurt Vonnegut Jr. Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. was born November 11, 1922, in Indianapolis, Indiana, the son of, Kurt Vonnegut, Sr., a successful architect, and Edith Sophia Vonnegut. He had two older siblings, a brother Bernard, and a sister Alice. He attended Short ridge high school. This is where he first realized his talent for writing. He was the editor of the school newspaper. Kurt graduated in 1940, and after high school, attended Cornell University and studied bio-chemistry, and was also a columnist and editor of the Cornell daily sun. However, because of bad grades, Kurt found himself almost flunking out of Cornell University. He saved himself from expulsion by joining the army in 1942. While in the army, several devastating experiences happened to Kurt. First in 1944, he received the news that his mother had committed suicide. A few months later Kurt was captured by the German Army. He was forced to produce a vitamin enriched malt for pregnant women. While doing this he happened to survive the firebombing of Dresden. His book Slaughterhouse-five is partially about the bombing of Dresden. After being rescued by the Soviets, Vonnegut returned home. He was working as a Police Reporter for the Chicago News Bureau and studying anthropology at the University of Chicago. He later moved to Schenectedy, New York. Here he worked in Press Relations for the General Electric Plant. This experience that led to the creation of his first novel Player Piano, . It was after the publication of this novel that he moved to Rhode Island, while in addition to writing short stories, he taught High School English and opened the first Saab dealership in the United States. After realizing the shrinking of the Short Story market, he began concentrating entirely on

“The Veldt” Essay Essay

Technology and its Bad Effect on Families Imagine holding so much engineering that your childs start to believe of it as their female parent and male parent. The narrative â€Å"The Veldt† by Ray Bradbury uses many literary elements to demo the audience that excessively much engineering can destruct a household. In the narrative. two childs and their parents live in a Happylife Home that does their mundane undertakings for them. The children’s parents. George and Lydia. are traveling to larn that giving their kids excessively much engineering is traveling to take to bad events in the hereafter. Through the usage of struggle. scene. and characterization Bradbury conveys that excessively much engineering can destruct a household. By depicting the struggles between the Hadley’s. Bradbury conveys that excessively much engineering can destruct a household. In the narrative. Peter gets into an statement with his pa who wants to turn off the baby's room. It is a good illustration of the struggle between them two. He says to his male parent. â€Å"I wish you were dead† ( Bradbury 7 ) . This shows that Peter has so much engineering in his life and now that his pa threatens to turn it off. he wants his pa gone. In add-on to this piece of grounds. Bradbury explains the psychologist look intoing in with the baby's room and what he finds out about it. â€Å"You’ve Lashkar-e-Taiba this room and this house replace you and your married woman in your child’s fondnesss. This room is their female parent and male parent. far more of import in their lives so their existent parents. And now you come along and want to close it off. No admiration there’s hatred here† ( Bradbury 6 ) . This shows how Wendy and Peter have so much engineering in their lives. that it is replacing their parents and making a struggle between them. The childs don’t want their parents around any longer since they have this engineering. Through the descriptions of the struggles between the Hadley household. readers see how so much engineering impacts them throughout the narrative. Through depicting the scene of the narrative. Bradbury conveys that excessively much engineering can destruct a household. In the narrative. the scene is largely the Happylife place that the Hadley’s live in and is described by Peter kicking that he may hold to make undertakings himself. â€Å"That sounds awful! Would I have to bind my ain places alternatively of allowing the shoe grade make it? And brush my ain dentition and comb my hair and give myself a bath? † ( Bradbury 5 ) . This shows how the childs are so used to holding engineering do everything for them that when their parents endanger to turn it off. they are forced to believe about what they might hold to make and they don’t want it to go on. Furthermore. Bradbury explains the scene of the baby's room as being the African Veldt. â€Å"He stepped into Africa. How many times in the last year†¦with slaying in the heat† ( Bradbury 3 ) . This shows how this engineering is showing the childrenâ €™s ideas onto the walls of the baby's room which happens to be the African Veldt with hungry king of beastss. Besides. the usage of the word â€Å"murder† in the quotation mark is a mark of what is traveling to go on to the parents subsequently in the narrative. By puting the scene of the narrative with descriptions of the scene. readers can see how Bradbury expresses how excessively much engineering can destruct a household. Last. Bradbury demonstrates that excessively much engineering can destruct a household by depicting the character’s personalities. In the narrative. George shows that he can be serious when needed while in an statement with Peter about turning off the house. â€Å"I won’t have any menaces from my son† ( Bradbury 7 ) . This shows that Peter is so spoilt that when his pa wants to take engineering off from Peter. he threatens his pa which is traveling to take to more household struggles subsequently on. Additionally. Bradbury explains the psychologist’s visit to look into the baby's room and figure out what’s incorrect. â€Å"How come you didn’t feel this before? † ( Bradbury ) . This shows that since the last clip the psychologist checked the baby's room. the kids have gotten more destructive heads and ideas that create the African Veldt all because of how their parents have been handling them. The psychologist used the engineering to ca lculate out how the kids have bad ideas toward their parents. which is traveling to ensue in the ruin of their household. Through the descriptions of these characters’ personalities. readers see the negative impact engineering has on this household. Ray Bradbury demonstrates to the reader of â€Å"The Veldt† through the usage of struggle. scene and word picture that excessively much engineering they had in the baby's room and the whole house. In the terminal. the childs end up killing their parents in a surprise stoping. Bradbury makes a great point in composing about the hereafter to non let excessively much engineering into this universe because it could take over and take to bad events.

Essay on International Project Management Association

Essay on International Project Management Association Essay on International Project Management Association Essay on International Project Management AssociationThe article considered in this paper is named About IPMA. IPMA, or International Project Management Association, is an international associations of project managers (Management Mania, 2012). The source of the article is the website of IPMA. The relevance and trustworthiness of this article are high because the optimal source of information about the purpose and goals of the organization is its dedicated resource (such as website).The article describes IPMA organization and its members, outlines vision and mission of the organization, its history, the methods of running the organization, initiatives supported by IPMA and the goals of the organization pertaining to growing, expanding and moving the project management practices forward.IPMA operates as a federation which includes 55 Member Associations (IPMA, 2014). The goal of the organization is to promote project management, to introduce standards of project management, to help de velop project management practices and to establish guidelines in project management. IPMA was founded in 1965 and was the first organization for project managers at that time (IPMA, 2014). The staff of the organization consists of volunteers, and the development of the organization is driven by its members. IPMA encourages collaboration and organizes regular meetings in different geographic locations. The services of IPMA are provided worldwide.The organization formulated and promoted a line of project management competencies referred to as IPMA Competence Baseline. IPMA has a certification program and issued more than 160,000 certificates by the end of 2013 (IPMA, 2014). These certificates are recognized in more than 50 countries which are members of IPMA.This article is highly relevant and important for project managers. Project management is a multifaceted profession which requires having many skills and competencies. IPMA competency list can be used by existing or future projec t management professionals; furthermore, project managers who want to gain new skills or improve their professionalism can use both the competency baseline and certification programs of IPMA. Since IPMA certificates and membership are recognized in many countries, participating in IPMA programs is an efficient option for those who pursue a career in project management.

100 Amazing Topics for Your Strong Persuasive Essay

100 Amazing Topics for Your Strong Persuasive Essay 100 Great Topics for Your Persuasive Essay Often students are given the topic before starting their assignment. If you ask average scholars what they think about choosing a topic on their own, they would probably say that it’s associated with additional problems. In fact, choosing a topic on your own can be a great advantage if you have a correct understanding of how to do it right. If your teacher gives you a chance to decide on a topic independently, you can pick up the theme that is interesting and familiar to you. Moreover, you can check if there are enough free and available information sources for writing an essay before making your final choice. If you are given a task to write a persuasive essay and to choose its topic on your own, use this opportunity. It’s only enough to spend around 10-20 minutes to learn how to choose the topic correctly and our article is aimed at helping you with this. Why Students Write Argumentative Essays Instead of Persuasive Essays Before giving you a list of topics, we want to speak about the difference between argumentative and persuasive essays. The problem is that many students can’t tell these two types of essays apart and make a huge mistake writing an argumentative essay instead of the assigned persuasive paper. Both types have quite similar aims and it’s not easy to understand how they differ. We’ve found a definition that will make you see the features of the different types easier: Argumentative essay shows your point of view on a problem or a subject. Explaining something, you tell the reader that there are also other possible ideas about the topic, however, you choose the one you speak about due to some reasons. You explain your idea but you allow your reader to think differently and to decide whether to support your point of view or not. Persuasive essay also speaks about your point of view on a certain topic. However, this time you use the facts and statements to prove that your point of view is the correct one, the most practical or ethical one. Step by step, you have to show that different points of view are less logical. Your final aim is to make a reader support your idea. Understanding the difference between the two types, you can also see a clearer and more correct way of picking up a topic for your persuasive essay. 100 Topics for Your Excellent Persuasive Essay Working with the list of topics, you can choose a ready topic and start to work on it or to take it as an inspiring sample and to create a similar theme for your future essay. Topics for Elementary Scholars Is it allowed to have a wild-born animal as a pet? Is it better to be the only child or to grow up in a big family? If you found a home of a rare animal on your yard, would you give it to the laboratory or to the local zoo? Is having a superpower making you a better person? The best holiday of the year is Birthday/Christmas/New Year’s Eve. If the invisible potion is discovered, shall it be given to people unrestrictedly? A shop assistant/waiter/bus driver is the worst job in the world. Shall parents encourage their children to choose school/friends/bedroom decor independently? Shall we stay friendly with everyone? Shall having an expensive gadget influence the way others see us? Topics for High School Scholars Will the return of the death penalty scare criminals from committing a crime? Is it safe to allow people to change their names any time they want? Shall we pay attention at moral and personal qualities of a president? Is younger generation better adapted for positive changes in the world? Can fashion be harmful to society? Shall reach people pay extra taxes to help those who are poor? Is lowering the voting age is a good idea? How to reduce the level of crimes among high schools students? Shall privacy be violated for national security? Topics Connected to Education Existing disciplinary means are outdated to control modern teens. The modern way of holding exams and academic tests may be harmful to the development of creativity and critical thinking? Shall IT students be encouraged to create their own entertaining applications and video games? How to provide an equally high level of education for children in big cities and rural areas? Shall children with different types of disabilities study in separate classes? What is the most effective way to stop bullying among kids? Is it necessary to have a special uniform for teachers? Shall physical training lessons be held by professional sportsmen? Which measures can be taken to motivate students with lower marks? Can video games encourage students to use guns at school? Topics Connected to Technology and Scientific Progress How environmental protection can be improved on a local level? Can robots with artificial intellect replace humans completely? Shall fuel be replaced with alternative sources of energy? Is global warming a natural process that doesn’t depend on the activity of humans? What is the alternative for genetically modified food? Is terrorism the most common reason for the modern plane crash? The role of the human in the extinction of rare animals and plants. Is it ethical to restrict a number of children in a family in order to control the growth of the population? How soft drugs can be used in medicine? The ethical side of cloning animals. Topics Connected to Nature Are zoos helpful for protection of rare species of animals? Can hunting be ethical? London Zoo is one of the largest and the best zoos on a planet: do animals feel good there? Is there’s any reason to keep exotic animals as domestic pets? What is the best and most effective way to train domestic animals? Is it ok to breed different animals in order to create new species? Vegetarianism can’t be helpful for the animal world and nature. Is it immoral to wear natural leather? Is there a point of trying to return extinct animals like a mammoth? Why governmental method of nature protection can’t stop poaching? Topics Connected to Music and Arts How pirating music influences the economy of a country. Can fame of a music band or a singer bring more opportunities for development of the country they originate from? Some music types have almost no differences: why shall they be separated into different types? Can music be used in the process of rehabilitation of criminals and prisoners? Will decreasing the price of music apps and albums lead to decreasing pirating? Will ancient Chinese music be indicated as a different type of art? Will the kind of music for rehabilitation be chosen individually? How historical songs help us to understand certain moments of history? Can technologies replace artists and musicians? Music as a part of therapy for curing mental disorders. Topics Connected to Sports Shall the animal sport be banned? Is it ethical to advertise junk food, alcohol or cigarettes during sports events? Shall popular sportsmen control their behavior being a role model for teenagers? Is the popularity of extreme sports can be a dangerous trend? Shall the bullfighting be banned, even being a part of Spanish culture and an old tradition? Are genetics and an inborn talent more important than the hard work in reaching great results in sport? Is there point of creating sports teams that may include both male and female players? Shall different types of sports be separated into female and male sports? Shall sportsmen work not only with a coach but also with a psychologist to avoid serious depression and to achieve better results? Is it necessary to make anti-doping control more severe? Complicated Topics for Persuasive Essays Are those features of people that are called ‘negative’ natural and coincide with the inborn instincts? What shall be the main aim of sexual education at school? Which measures can be taken to make oil producers be more attentive to oil spills? Shall other countries answer the new US policy that may violate the rights of national minorities? Is the legislation that controls selling of guns effective? Is free internet real harm to the moral norms of society? Which changes are necessary to make the copyright laws more effective? Shall teenagers be given more legal rights like voting, buying alcohol, dealing with banks and businesses? How would the opening of borders influence the world’s economy? How the world would be different now in the case if the German army could win the Second World War? Topics Connected to Ethics and Morality How to make animal testing less unethical in a case it can’t be banned? Shall people be given a legal right to die or to suicide? How kids’ beauty contest can influence the development of psychological disorders among young children? Which conditions are necessary to make euthanasia not illegal? How can governments of developed countries stop using child labor in other countries? Is atheism dangerous for moral norms? How to reduce the number of unnecessary plastic operations that may harm one’s health? Shall college students be allowed to buy alcohol drinks? Shall college students be involved in voluntary work that is connected to their future profession? What can be an alternative way of controlling the number of illegal immigrants? Do cameras in public places help to reduce the number of crimes? Universal Topics for Persuasive Essay What is the most tolerant way to control the relationship between atheists and believers? Is it necessary to participate in war conflicts in Middle Eastern countries? The influence of ‘Sexual Revolution’ on modern art, music and idols. Why the tension between vegetarians and meat eaters is growing and how to control it? Which types of crimes shall lead to a death sentence? Shall students keep a special diet that helps their brain to work better? Would the portrait of Mona Lisa be the same popular if it’s painted by an unknown artist? Shall people change their attitude towards cheating and call it sexual freedom? Is the art for masses less important than the recognized elite masterpieces? Modern fashion trends make women feel worse and look less natural comparing to women of the past. Choosing an interesting topic is not as easy as it may look. You shall prefer those topics that may have several possible explanations and points of view. It’s always good to choose some controversial topics, however, in that case, you shall also have a clear and grounded position about it. It’s not always necessary to create the topic on your own. It’s ok to choose one of the topics that is presented in a list. Even if you choose a topic that has been discussed before, you can express different ideas about it and make your paper sound unique.

Museum paper assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Museum paper assignment - Essay Example but their proportions are more abstract although it has some naturalistic depictions. Dogon masks are an irony compared to the Haida mask of North America, because Dogon masks represents naturalistic entities which are members of Dogon tribe yet the proportions of their representation are more abstract. The Sulka masks of Oceania are obviously abstract in proportion. Unlike Dogon masks from Africa which has hues of semblance of a human form, Sulka masks does not have the slightest feature that distinctively resemble to any entity be it human, animals or objects. They are shaped like umbrellas especially the hemlaut masks which I believe were deliberately made indistinct because they are used for circumcision ceremonies for boys. Hopi figures which are Katsina dolls may represent spirits that descended from the mountains to aid the tribe people of their livelihood and well-being but their proportions resembles to a human form and being such, more naturalistic in representation. The Kota figure from Africa is more abstract in proportion due to the convexity of the male representation and concavity of the female representation to the point that it became indistinct. The indistinctiveness of the Hopi figure is more pronounced especially if Kota figure will be compared from the Hopi figure of North America which have an obvious resemblance to a human form. The Maori figure from Oceania is a beautiful naturalistic representation of the human form. This is particurlary true with the wood carving known as whakairo rakau which made decorates a human head with a synchronized lines and circles. Looking closely at the Haida mask from North America, it does not depict any emotional expression other than a blank stare. Perhaps the reason any expression was removed from mask because it represents an impersonal spirit. Examining the Dogon mask from Africa, it may not have any distinct expression but the sharp stare